質量管理定義與案例(ppt)
質量管理
定義1
項目就是以一系列的相關工作(job),這些工作通常會有一些主要的產出,同時需要一段時間去完成.
項目管理:計劃、組織、控制資源,使其滿足項目的技術、成本、時間等方面的要求.

項目通常被認為是一次性事件

--摘自《運作管理pp56》 v9
(美) Richard B. Chase等3人著
定義2
項目通常是指一系列產出一致、相互關聯(lián)的任務(related tasks)。

成立項目組(Project Organization)是為了確保新項目成功完成的同時,能繼續(xù)順利地進行現(xiàn)行的計劃。項目組可以有效地集中在規(guī)定時間內完成具體項目所需的人力和物力。
從根本上說，這是個臨時性的組織機構，旨在利用企業(yè)的專家以達到一定的目的。
--摘自《運作管理pp399》 v4
(美) Jay Heizer等2人著

項目定義(PMI)
項目就是一種旨在創(chuàng)造某種獨特產品、服務或結果的臨時性努力(PMBOK2000,pp204)。


--摘自《PMP成功之路pp21》
項目特性:
1,一次性,項目是一次性的、獨特的創(chuàng)新性活動。
operation-project
2,目的性,項目必須有特定的、明確的目標(時間目標、質量目標、成本目標)。SMART(Specific,Measurable,Accurate,Realistic/Tangible,Time Bound)
3,約束性,總是受到有限的時間及各種可投入的資源的約束(constraints)
4,生命周期
5,復雜性和廣泛關聯(lián)性(參《項目管理新視界》)
6,不確定性
--摘自《PMP成功之路pp21》
考你:下面所列活動是項目嗎? --摘自《PMP成功之路pp19》
舉辦世界杯
辦公室保潔
家庭購房
獨生子女培養(yǎng)
申奧



項目 質量管理
案例一EIS(Excutive Info System)
A large medical instruments company just hired Daniel,a senior consultant from a large consulting firm, to lead a project to resolve the quality problems with the company’s new EIS.a team of internal programmers and analysts worked with several excutives who had never used computers before hooked on the new EIS. They loved the way the system allowed them to quickly and easily track sales representative.the system was so very user-friendly.after succesfully testing the EIS with several excutives, the copany decided to make the system available to all levels of management.
quality problems
Could not get in the system,
The system started going down a couple of times a month.
Could not access info within a few seconds.
Several people kept forgotting how to log in to the sys., thus increasing the number of calls to the Help desk.
Some of the reports gave inconsistent info, how could a summary report show totals that were not consistent with a detailed report on the same info?

案例二:1000km/1kg油,車價25美元
車,碰2次/天
每次重劃交通線時,have to buy new car
死,高速路,啟動后,再駕
Occationally, excuting a maneuver such as a left tern, would cause your car to shut down and refuse to restart, in which sase you would have to reinstall the engine.
Make a car powered by sun, reliable 5 times as fast, twice as easy to drive, but would run on only 5%of the roads.
New seats would force everyone to have the same size hips.
The airbag system would say :”Are you sure?” before going off.
GM would require all car buyers to also perchase a deeluxe set of Rand McNally Road Maps (now a GM subsidiary, even though they neither need them nor want theml. Attemting to delete　this option would immediatelly cause the car’s performance to dimimish by 50% or more.more over, GM would become the target for investigation by the Justice Dept.
Press the Start buttom to shut off the engine
Every time when GM introduce the new car, buyers have to learn how to drive all over again because none of the controls would operate in the same manner as the old car.


項目 質量管理
1. 質量概念 質量管理
1.1 質量的定義和基本要求
1.2 項目質量的特性和屬性
2. 質量成本
3. 項目 質量管理 過程
4.質量規(guī)劃,質量保證,質量控制工具和技術

1.1質量的定義和2個基本要求
質量的定義
質量(Quality)是一個產品或服務的特點和特性的總體;包含滿足說明的或隱含的需要的能力。
質量是通過產品或者服務的特性(Feature)、功能(Function)以及應用時的性能(Performance)表現(xiàn)出來的。
1.1質量的定義和2個基本要求

質量的2個基本要求
符合需求(Conformance to Requirements)。項目過程和產品符合書面規(guī)范。
適用性(Fitness for Use)。產品可以按其設計意圖使用。
這些要求在很多情況下也被解釋為"沒有額外"(No Extra)或者 "沒有鍍金(No Gold Plating) ，也是PMP考試以及項目管理實踐中必須遵循的原則。
1.2 項目質量的特性和屬性
(1)可生產性(Producibility)
(2 )可使用性(Usabllity)
(3)可靠性(Reliability)
主要由平均無故障時間(Mean-Time-Between-Failure，MTBF)來衡量。 (預測MTBF /實際MTBF)
(4)可維護性(Maintainability)
由平均修理時間(Mean Time to Repair，MTTR)來衡量。
(5)可用性(Availability)
1.2 項目質量的特性和屬性
(6)可操作性(Operability)
(7)適應性 (Flexibility)
適應性是在不同條件下，按照不同能力的、不同目的使用產品的能力。
(8)社會認可性(SocialAcceptability)
產品或服務的特性與相關社會的主導價值和期望之間的兼容性程度，即公眾認可使用一個產品的程度，通常與環(huán)境和安全要求相關。
(9)可購買性(A ordability)
可購買性是在產品的壽命期內開發(fā)、獲取、操作、維護和處置的能力，亦即總擁有成本(TCO)。

質量管理定義與案例(ppt)